Blood is a liquid part of our body that transports nutrients, oxygen, and waste products. It also helps maintain body temperature and pH levels.

Plasma forms more than half of the blood and is composed of water, proteins, sugars, mineral salts, hormones, fats, and vitamins.

Plasma also contains clotting factors like fibrinogen and thrombin, which are used for preventing bleeding after an injury. Serum is a part of plasma that remains after coagulation has taken place.

Clotting Factors

Blood is a complex fluid that transports oxygen and nutrients to cells, and removes waste products from the body. It also plays a role in the regulation of temperature and pH levels by interacting with acids and bases.

Blood contains many different components, including red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and plasma. Serum and plasma are separated from whole blood by centrifugation.

Clotting factors are proteins that bind to other proteins, causing blood to clot. They're important for preventing excessive bleeding when blood is damaged or injured.

Clotting factors include fibrinogen and factor VIII. People with hemophilia (hepatic coagulation disorder) don't have enough of these clotting factors, which can lead to blood clots that are hard to break apart.

Electrolytes

Electrolytes are minerals that help your body perform a wide range of important functions. These include blood clotting, muscle contractions, acid balance, and fluid regulation.

They also affect your heart, blood pressure, brain function, and your bones. Your kidneys keep your body's electrolyte levels at the right level.

A blood test can be used to find out if you have an electrolyte imbalance. This can be a sign of a serious health condition, like kidney disease or high blood pressure.

Your blood contains a wide range of electrolytes, including sodium (salt), chloride, and bicarbonate. Chloride helps your nerves and muscles work, and sodium helps regulate the amount of fluid in your body.

You may need to get a blood test if you have signs or symptoms of an electrolyte problem, such as excessive thirst, vomiting, and diarrhea. Getting tested can help you manage your problem and avoid long-term problems. It can also help doctors treat and prevent future problems.

Proteins

Proteins are one of the key elements that affect the difference between plasma and serum. They are found in every cell and are a vital part of the body’s functioning.

They can perform a wide range of functions such as antibodies, enzymes, messengers, and structural components. They are a crucial component of the immune system and bind to specific foreign particles in order to help the body fight disease.

These proteins include clotting factors, which form blood clots at breaks in the smooth endothelial lining of blood vessels, and globulins, which are important carriers for small molecules. They also maintain the osmotic pressure of the serum and transport certain substances such as iron, copper, vitamin B12, and lipids.

Many therapeutic proteins are studied to detect aggregation or degradation as part of the development of the formulation, or for quality control purposes. Using the AF4 technique for size separation makes it possible to investigate this behavior in the medium that the therapeutic protein should be present (i.e., blood) and provides information that can aid in understanding what happens with the therapeutic protein after it has been administered.

Antibodies

Antibodies are proteins that protect the body against foreign substances (called antigens) by attaching to them. They also help the immune system fight infections and cancers.

They circulate in the blood and attach to specific antigens on the surface of bacteria, viruses, and other harmful invaders. This allows the immune system to quickly recognize and destroy these microorganisms.

The protein structures of antibodies are composed of four polypeptide subunits that form a Y-shaped molecule with two identical heavy chains and a small light chain. The N-terminus of each heavy chain associates with one of the light chains to create antigen-binding domains called fragment antigen binding (Fab) domains.

These domains are held together by covalent disulfide bonds and non-covalent bonds. The Fab domains are linked by short linker peptides that are rich in glycine, serine, and threonine. They can be connected to either the variable domains of the heavy and light chains or to the constant domains via a hinge region.